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read and execute permissions. However, because you have previously set a user mask of 037,
that further restricts the file permissions. As a result, the owner still has all permissions, but the
group cannot execute the file and all others have no permissions.
You can activate the umask command in two ways:
• Include it in your .profile file. This is the most common and efficient way to specify your
user mask, because the specified value is set automatically for you whenever you run osh.
• Enter it at the shell prompt. The user mask value you set is in effect for the duration of the shell
session.
For a more detailed example of how your user mask works in restricting permissions for files you
create with a text editor, you can perform the following procedure:
1. Enter the following command to find out what the current value of your user mask is:
$ umask
If the user mask value is 000, there are no restrictions on the permissions established by
file-creating programs. Go to Step 3.
If the user mask value has another value, note that value and go to Step 2.
2. Set the user mask value to 000 so that there will be no restrictions on the permissions established
by file-creating programs. Before setting the user mask to 000, make sure you have written
down the current value, should you need to restore it.
Enter the following:
$ umask 000
3. Create the file afile, save it, and then exit your editor.
4. Display the permissions of the file by using the ls -l command. Assume for the sake of the
example that read and write permissions are granted for all users:
$ ls -l afile
-rw-rw-rw- 1 user 15 Oct 27 14:42 afile
5. Change the user mask to 022 by entering the following:
$ umask 022
A user mask of 022 establishes the following maximum permission restrictions: owners are
allowed all permissions, and all others are allowed only read and execute permissions.
6. Create another file afile2, save it, and then exit your editor.
7. Display the permissions of the file afile2 by using the ls -l command.
$ ls -l afile2
-rw-r--r-- 1 user 15 Oct 27 14:42 afile2
Note that the write permissions for the group and all others have been removed in accordance
with the user mask value of 022.
8. Change the user mask to its original value or to another value (optional).
Open System Services provides a default user mask value of 022, which allows the owner all
permissions but prevents members of your group or any other users from writing to your files.
However, your system’s default user mask may vary.
Changing Owners and Groups
In addition to setting permissions, you can control how a file or directory is used by changing its
owner or group. Use the chown command to change the owner and the chgrp command to
change the group. To use the chown command, you must have the same privileges as a super-group
user. Enter the chown command in the following form:
chown owner filename
130 Managing Access to Files and Directories
- Abstract 1
- Contents 3
- 4 Contents 4
- Contents 5 5
- 6 Contents 6
- Contents 7 7
- 8 Contents 8
- Contents 9 9
- Examples 10
- About This Document 11
- Acknowledgment 12
- Document Organization 13
- Notation Conventions 14
- Notation Conventions 15 15
- Notation for Messages 16
- Related Information 17
- HP Encourages Your Comments 19
- Publishing History 19
- OSS Components 21
- OSS and UNIX 22
- Interoperability 23
- Application Development 23
- OSS Environment 24
- OSS Device Support 24
- OSS Processes 24
- 2 The OSS File System 26
- The OSS File-System Structure 27
- OSS Pathnames 28
- Relative Pathnames 29
- Pathname Length 29
- OSS Filesets 30
- 3 The OSS Shell 31
- Metacharacters 32
- Shell Built-In Commands 33
- /bin/command_name 34
- Command-Entry Aids 35
- Using Pipes and Filters 36
- Grouping Commands 37
- Filename Completion 38
- Aliases 39 39
- Command History 40
- Command-Line Editing 41
- 42 The OSS Shell 42
- The Shell Environment 43
- Environment Variables 45
- Setting Environment Variables 46
- Environment Variables 47 47
- Example .profile File 48
- How the Shell Finds Commands 50
- Shell Procedures 51
- 4 OSS Commands and Utilities 53
- The man Command 54
- The whatis Command 54
- The apropos Command 54
- Command Syntax 55
- Archiving 61
- Displaying Files 61
- Files and Directories 61
- Printing and Formatting 63
- Process Management 63
- Remote Access 64
- Security and Permissions 64
- File Formatting Commands 67
- Two Different File Systems 68
- The /G Directory 69
- The /E Directory 69
- Guardian File Types 70
- Pathname Mapping 72
- Editing Files 74
- Printing and Spooler Commands 75
- Guardian DEFINEs 77
- 6 Running the OSS Shell 85
- The osh Command 86
- Exiting OSS 87
- Managing the OSS Environment 88
- Disk Volume Management 89
- Security 89
- 7 Creating Files 90
- Working With Files 91 91
- 92 Creating Files 92
- 8 Managing Files 93
- The more Command 96
- The cat Command 96
- Printing Files 98
- Copying Files (cp) 100
- Copying Files (cp) 101 101
- Copying an Entire Directory 102
- Renaming Files 103
- Comparing Files (diff) 104
- Sorting File Contents (sort) 105
- Removing Files (rm) 106
- Removing a Single File 107
- Removing Multiple Files 107
- Linking Files (ln) 108
- Using Links 109
- Removing Links 110
- Determining File Type (file) 111
- 112 Managing Files 112
- 9 Managing Directories 113
- Changing Directories (cd) 114
- 116 Managing Directories 116
- Copying Directories (cp) 117
- Renaming Directories (mv) 117
- Removing Directories (rmdir) 118
- Removing Multiple Directories 119
- 120 Managing Directories 120
- Understanding Permissions 121
- Default Permissions 123
- Changing File Permissions 125
- Setting Absolute Permissions 126
- $ chmod a=rw file3 127
- $ ls -l file3 127
- Setting the User Mask 128
- $ umask 037 129
- Changing Owners and Groups 130
- • Safeguard User’s Guide 134
- • Security Management Guide 134
- 11 Managing Processes 135
- Running Foreground Processes 138
- Running Background Processes 138
- Checking Process Status 139
- 140 Managing Processes 140
- The jobs Command 141
- 142 Managing Processes 142
- Scheduling Jobs 143
- 144 Managing Processes 144
- Scheduling Jobs 145 145
- 146 Managing Processes 146
- Using the -i Flag 148
- Finding Files (find) 149
- The pax Utility 151
- $ mkdir newdir 152
- $ pax -rw olddir newdir 152
- $ pax -wv -f /G/tape -b 10b 152
- The ftp Utility 153
- A The vi Editor 155
- 156 The vi Editor 156
- Create a Sample Edit File 157
- Opening a File 157
- Moving Within the File 158
- Entering New Text 158
- Editing Text 159
- Using Advanced Techniques 160
- Searching for Strings 161
- Moving Text 161
- Copying Text 161
- Other vi Features 162
- Making Substitutions 162
- Deleting a Block of Text 164
- Customizing Your Environment 164
- Saving Your Customizations 164
- B The ed Editor 166
- Saving Part of a File 168
- Using the ed (Edit) Command 169
- Using the e (Edit) Subcommand 169
- Using the r (Read) Subcommand 169
- 170 The ed Editor 170
- Finding Text 172
- Removing Characters 174
- Using a Context Search 175
- Deleting the Current Line 176
- Deleting a Specific Line 176
- Deleting Multiple Lines 176
- Changing a Single Line 177
- Changing Multiple Lines 178
- Using Line Numbers 178
- Using System Commands from ed 180
- Ending the ed Program 180
- Finding Product Files 181
- Running vproc 181
- Interpreting vproc Output 182
- Recovery 184
- No action is required 184
- Glossary 191
- 192 Glossary 192
- 194 Glossary 194
- 196 Glossary 196
- 198 Glossary 198
- 200 Glossary 200
- 202 Glossary 202
- 204 Glossary 204
- 206 Index 206
- 208 Index 208
- 210 Index 210
- 212 Index 212
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