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110 Pascal 4.0 User’s Guide
6
Pascal Set Type
In Pascal, a set type is implemented as a bit vector, which is similar to a C
short-word array. Direct access to individual elements of a set is highly
machine-dependent and should be avoided.
In Pascal, bits are numbered within a byte from the most significant to least, as
shown in Table 6-3.
In C, a set could be described as a short-word array beginning at an even
address. With the current set representation, it does not matter what the
lower-bound value is.
The nth element in a set [lower...upper] can be tested as follows:
Table 6-3 Set Implementation
Set Bit Numbering
set+3: 31, 30, 29, 28, 27, 26, 25, 24
set+2: 23, 22, 21, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16
set+1: 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8
set+0: 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0
#define LG2BITSLONG 5 /* log2( bits in long word) */
#define LG2BITSWORD 4 /* log2( bits in short word) */
#define MSKBITSLONG 0x1f
#define MSKBITSHORT 0x0
short *setptr; /* set as array of shorts */
int upper; /* upper bound of the set */
int elem; /* ordinal value of set element */
int i;
if ( setptr[elem >> LG2BITSWORD] &
(1 << (elem & MSKBITSWORD)) ) {
/* elem is in set */
}
- Pascal 4.0 User’s Guide 1
- Contents 3
- Contents v 5
- Contents vii 7
- Contents ix 9
- Contents xi 11
- Contents xiii 13
- Operating Environment 19
- Installation 19
- Audience 20
- Organization 20
- Related Documentation 22
- README Files 23
- Other Related Documentation 23
- Introduction 25
- Pascal Compiler 26
- Features 26
- Compatibility 26
- Text Editors 27
- Debuggers 27
- XView Toolkit 27
- Native Language Support 27
- Internationalization 28
- Licensing 29
- 6 Pascal 4.0 User’s Guide 30
- Pascal Programs 31
- Compiling the Program 32
- Running the Program 33
- Renaming the Executable File 33
- An Interactive Pascal Program 34
- Redirecting I/O 35
- Where Did My Program Fail? 37
- Using the -g Option 39
- The Pascal Compiler 41
- Compile and Link Sequence 42
- Language Preprocessor 43
- –Bbinding 48
- The Pascal Compiler 25 49
- {$b0} No buffering 49
- {$b1} Line buffering 49
- 26 Pascal 4.0 User’s Guide 50
- –Dname[=def] 51
- 28 Pascal 4.0 User’s Guide 52
- -fnonstd 53
- –fround=r 53
- –ftrap=t 54
- The Pascal Compiler 31 55
- –help or -flags 56
- –Ipathname 56
- -keeptmp 56
- -Ldirectory 57
- -libmieee 58
- –misalign 58
- –nolibmil 59
- -noqueue 59
- -notrace 60
- –O[level] 60
- The Pascal Compiler 37 61
- –o filename 62
- –p and –pg 63
- –pic,-Kpic and –PIC, -KPIC 63
- –Qoption 64
- –Qpath pathname 64
- –Qproduce 64
- -R path[ 65
- 42 Pascal 4.0 User’s Guide 66
- Examples: 67
- 46 Pascal 4.0 User’s Guide 70
- –temp=dir 71
- The Pascal Compiler 49 73
- 50 Pascal 4.0 User’s Guide 74
- v7 or v8 machine 76
- -xcache=c 77
- • generic 77
- • s1/l1/a1 77
- • s1/l1/a1:s2/l2/a2 77
- • s1/l1/a1:s2/l2/a2:s3/l3/a3 77
- -xchip=c 78
- -xildoff 80
- -xlibmieee 80
- -xlibmil 80
- The Pascal Compiler 57 81
- -xprofile=p 82
- -xregs=r 84
- The Pascal Compiler 61 85
- -xtarget=t 86
- Program Construction and 91
- Management 91
- Compiling with Units 93
- Using Units and Header Files 94
- Libraries 98
- Separate Compilation 99
- Using Program Units 100
- Using Module Units 100
- • include files 100
- Sharing Public Variables 101
- Using the -xl Option 104
- Using the define Declaration 107
- Using include Files 108
- , inc_mod2.p module inc_mod2; 109
- Using extern 110
- 88 Pascal 4.0 User’s Guide 112
- The C–Pascal Interface 113
- Theshortreal Type 115
- Character Strings 115
- Incompatibilities 116
- Procedure Calls: C–Pascal 117
- Variable Parameters 118
- Simple Types without –xl 119
- Simple Types with –xl 120
- Strings of Characters 120
- Fixed Arrays 121
- The univ Arrays 124
- Conformant Arrays 125
- Records and Structures 129
- Consider this example: 131
- Variant Records 132
- Pascal Set Type 134
- Pascal intset Type 135
- Value Parameters 136
- Function Return Values 139
- Input and Output 140
- Procedure Calls: Pascal–C 141
- Following are some examples: 150
- Non-Pascal Procedures 151
- See this example: 152
- 136 Pascal 4.0 User’s Guide 160
- The C++–Pascal Interface 161
- C++ Name Encoding 162
- Procedure Calls: C++–Pascal 162
- Arguments Passed by Reference 163
- Arguments Passed by Value 174
- Simple Types 177
- Type shortreal 178
- Procedure Calls: Pascal–C++ 179
- Pascal. See this example: 185
- Pascal File Pointers to C++ 186
- The FORTRAN–Pascal Interface 187
- , byte, or 189
- Pascal Set Types 191
- Multidimensional Arrays 191
- See the following example: 193
- Pascalintset Type 203
- Typeshortreal 206
- Pointers 207
- Character Dummy Arguments 213
- Routines as Parameters 226
- 204 Pascal 4.0 User’s Guide 228
- Error Diagnostics 229
- String Errors 230
- Digits in Real Numbers 230
- Compiler Semantic Errors 234
- Thescalar Class 235
- Scalar Error Messages 236
- Expression Diagnostics 236
- Type Equivalence 238
- Unreachable Statements 239
- Thegoto Statement 240
- Uninitialized Variables 240
- Compiler Panics, I/O Errors 241
- Runtime Errors 241
- 218 Pascal 4.0 User’s Guide 242
- Error Diagnostics 219 243
- 220 Pascal 4.0 User’s Guide 244
- The XView Toolkit 245
- Object-Oriented Programming 246
- Pascal Interface 247
- Compiling with Libraries 248
- Header Files 248
- Attribute Lists 249
- Conversion of C to Pascal 251
- 1. Defined in stddefs_p.h 252
- Sample Program 254
- Menu Demo Program 255
- Now run the executable file: 256
- Math Libraries 257
- IEEE Support Functions 260
- SPARC Libraries 262
- Arithmetic Exceptions 263
- 244 Pascal 4.0 User’s Guide 268
- Pascal Preprocessor 269
- Compiler Directives 270
- The%config Directive 271
- The %debug Directive 273
- The %else Directive 274
- The %elseif Directive 275
- The%elseifdef Directive 276
- Comments 277
- The %enable Directive 278
- The %endif Directive 279
- The%error Directive 279
- The%exit Directive 280
- The%if Directive 281
- The%ifdef Directive 282
- The%include Directive 283
- The %list Directive 284
- The %nolist Directive 286
- The %slibrary Directive 287
- The%var Directive 287
- The%warning Directive 287
- Error Messages 289
- 266 Pascal 4.0 User’s Guide 290
- Error Messages 267 291
- 268 Pascal 4.0 User’s Guide 292
- Error Messages 269 293
- 270 Pascal 4.0 User’s Guide 294
- Error Messages 271 295
- 272 Pascal 4.0 User’s Guide 296
- Error Messages 273 297
- 274 Pascal 4.0 User’s Guide 298
- Error Messages 275 299
- 276 Pascal 4.0 User’s Guide 300
- Error Messages 277 301
- 278 Pascal 4.0 User’s Guide 302
- Error Messages 279 303
- 280 Pascal 4.0 User’s Guide 304
- Error Messages 281 305
- 282 Pascal 4.0 User’s Guide 306
- Error Messages 283 307
- 284 Pascal 4.0 User’s Guide 308
- Error Messages 285 309
- 286 Pascal 4.0 User’s Guide 310
- Error Messages 287 311
- 288 Pascal 4.0 User’s Guide 312
- Error Messages 289 313
- 290 Pascal 4.0 User’s Guide 314
- Error Messages 291 315
- 292 Pascal 4.0 User’s Guide 316
- Error Messages 293 317
- 294 Pascal 4.0 User’s Guide 318
- Error Messages 295 319
- 296 Pascal 4.0 User’s Guide 320
- Index 307 331
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